人像是摄影圈最受欢迎的题材，相比于风光摄影，人像摄影更需要综合的技巧和判断，也是街拍或纪实摄影的基石。但这里我们要提到的，并非是影棚中需要人工布光的商业人像，而是借助自然的光线在室外拍摄的人像作品。那么拍好一张人像照片需要怎样的必要条件呢？
·眼神的焦点
对于人像的拍摄，我认为重中之重的要点，是能够捕捉住到每个人的特征与神韵，让他人能够通过一张照片便能触碰带被摄人物的内心。而眼睛是心灵之窗，想要拍出人物的神韵，就要抓住眼睛的动向。例如使用大光圈镜头拍摄半身或头部近景时，可以将焦点落于瞳孔之上，整幅画面便会活了起来。
但要注意的是，当使用大光圈的时候，焦平面非常窄，稍不留神便会失焦，比如落到鼻翼或耳朵上。尤其是在拍摄人物侧面肖像的时候，这样的问题会很容易出现，严重影响到画面整体的视觉品质。因此在按下快门之前，时要仔细确认焦点落于何处。
·巧用光线
不同于室内人像，户外人像有着更大灵活性，可以借助不同的景致和光线，来捕捉不同人物的特点。因此，自然光线对于拍摄人像来说是至关重要的——当然，我们需要知道如何有效利用自然光。顺光拍摄会让人物面部轮廓分明，但如果是正午或下午的光线太过强烈，被摄对象很难顺光睁开眼睛，面部的阴影也显得很明显。因此，选择正确的时间非常重要。通常来讲，在阳光明媚的天气情况下，早间10点前，和下午3点后都非常适合人像拍摄。尤其是在早晚的时候，可以借助柔和温暖的光线拍摄逆光画面，会带来非常柔美温馨的氛围。
有的时候，在光线不理想的情况下，尤其是在逆光情况或夜景情况下，我们需要为人物进行适当的补光，比如借助外界的人工光线或是自然界的反光。说到反光，可能有些朋友会不太理解，除了反光板之外，该如何寻找反光。实际上，镜面和白墙，都能起到反光的作用，在一些情况下，甚至比人工反光板还要自然。而来到夜晚，橱窗中的灯光可以有效地为人物进行补光。但从头顶上方射下的路灯，会给面部带来浓重的阴影，会影响到面部的表情。
·活用焦段
那么，面对户外环境中多变的场景，该如何选择焦段呢？实际上，这一点并没有具体的答案，从超广到长焦，都有着其独特的成像魅力。因此具体还是要看你想要拍出什么样的照片。
28mm和35mm的镜头更适合表现全身的画面，并且可以包容周围的环境，不需要距离被摄对象太远就能够拍出全身照，更便于彼此之间的交流。但值得注意的是，越广的焦段对背景的要求越高，换句话说，需要背景足够好看或简洁，才不会对人物本身造成干扰。如果焦距的选择在50mm 以上，这样的焦段更适合半身或面部近景。而85mm的镜头通常被认为是人像的专属镜头，容易获得较浅的景深获得背景虚化，也可以保证人物不会显得过于臃肿。
灵活掌握了以上三点最为基本的人像摄影技术，剩下要做的其实还有很多，比如如何为人像摄影构图，如何利用前景和背景，如何摆Pose，甚至是如何处理一张人像摄影的照片….这些话题，我们以后慢慢来聊！
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